Christopher Columbus The Consequences Of The Columbian...

On one fateful October morning, in the year 1492, the world as we knew it was changed for better or for worse. As the bow of a Spanish ship came into the sight line of a small Bahamian island, the Arawak people who inhabited this island moved closer to the shoreline, blissfully unaware of the consequences of this moment as they watched the upcoming ship with fascination. What happened next was to be highly controversial for years to come. Whether you think that the actions Christopher Columbus took were justified or not, you cant deny it paved the way for European settlement in the new world, which shaped world history as we know it. The story of this monumental event was told in two separate passages which both convey different moods and†¦show more content†¦Besides the general length and number of details provided in each piece, I believe this is one of the main differences between the two. The analytical more monotone recount of history with little to no blame or human pe rspective, to a more vivid account of how Columbus and the Spanish interacted with the Native American people. They both had their merits and they both told the story of Christopher Columbuss â€Å"discovery† of America. Though they both were historically accurate, the piece I found the most alluring was Zinn’s because of its depth and human perspective. I felt like Zinn gave a more vivid view of history to the reader; I could imagine the tragedies he was describing and the people he was talking about all because he chose a perspective from which to tell the story. Zinn cited so many primary sources, such as Columbus’s captains logs and Bartolome de las Casas’s written critiques, they were very insightful to read and explained everything in much greater detail than the textbook. Furthermore, I think Zinn’s version was more decisive and less wavering when it comes to Columbuss image. The message was clear: Columbus and other European explorers did h orrible things to the people who inhabited the Americas, although they shaped the modern world, we can not deny that. The text book never really got that profound, in general, I think the textbook seemed to focus more on how the Old World benefited and not the effect it had on the native peoples.Show MoreRelatedPositive Impact Of Christopher Columbus Discoveries1249 Words   |  5 PagesPositive Impact of Christopher Columbus’ Discoveries The world is a better place because of Christopher Columbus’ important discoveries in the New World. His explorations resulted in the vast expansion of property for Europe, the exchange of goods and cultures between countries and a change in the worldview of geography. Columbus’s explorations were the catalyst for unprecedented trade known as the Columbian Exchange, which started the exchange of goods and ideas that would last for centuriesRead MorePositive Impact Of Christopher Columbus s Discoveries1247 Words   |  5 Pages Positive Impact of Christopher Columbus’s Discoveries The world is a better place because of Christopher Columbus’ important discoveries in the New World. His explorations resulted in the vast expansion of property for Europe, the exchange of goods and cultures between countries and a change in the worldview of geography. Columbus’s explorations were the catalyst for unprecedented trade known as the Columbian Exchange, which started the exchange of goods and ideas that would last for centuriesRead MoreThe Positive Effects Of The Columbian Exchange1051 Words   |  5 PagesThe Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange was the transfer of plants, animals, human populations, diseases, cultures, and ideas throughout the world. The new worlds that had been discovered were a part of this Columbian Exchange, and were exposed to many new and foreign goods as well as people. The Americas, or New World, were faced with harsh treatment from Columbus and his crew, along with the rampant spread of new diseases that took a large toll on the Native populations. The Indies were alsoRead MoreChristopher Columbus : A Hero Or Hero?1445 Words   |  6 Pages Christopher Columbus was he a hero or was he a villain? As attitudes change throughout the years and new discoveries are being made, history is constantly being rewritten. In the recent years, there has been much controversy over the â€Å"achievements† of the great admiral Christopher Columbus. There have also been many books, articles, and historians that have described him as â€Å"one of the greatest mariners in history, a vis ionary genius, a national hero, a failed administrator, a naive entrepreneurRead MoreLegacy of Christopher Columbus2614 Words   |  11 PagesThe Legacy of Christopher Columbus Abstract After many centuries, a lot of controversy still surrounds Christopher Columbus. He remains to be a strange figure in history regarded as a famous explorer and a great mariner who made many discoveries in his days. Other people still regard him as a visionary and a national hero while others chose to remember him as a brutal and greedy person who used the rest of the humanity for his own selfish gains. Despite the fact that there have been protests inRead MoreThe Columbian Exchange Essay example1077 Words   |  5 PagesThe Columbian Exchange is the exchange of plants, animals, food, and diseases between Europe and the Americas. In 1492, when Christopher Columbus came to America, he saw plants and animals he had never seen before so he took them back with him to Europe. Columbus began the trade routes which had never been established between Europe and the Americas so his voyages initiated the interchange of plants between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, which doubled the food crop resources available to peopleRead MorePositive And Negative Impacts Of The Columbian Exchange1271 Words   |  6 PagesThe Columbian exchange has helped to double the world’s population between 1650 and 1850. The exchange introduced to the new and old worlds to a variety of things that undoubtedly has shaped the world in time that followed. The Columbian Exchange refers the time that resulted after Christopher Columbus and other explorers discovered the land that would become known as the Americas and many islands, such as Bermuda and the Caribbean. This age of exploration and discovery introduced the newly discoveredRead MoreEffects Of The Columbian Exchange912 Words   |  4 PagesThe biggest exchange that has ever happened in the world was beginning to form from Christopher Columbus’s findings and Pope Alexander’s grant of approval of colonization of Spain over the New World. As it became known as the Columbian Exchange in honor of Columbus, it was the exchange of different plants, animals, microbes, and people across the Atlantic Ocean to the New and Old Worlds. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella sent out many explorers to the New World which caused both positive and negativeRead MoreThe Impacts of the Columbian Exchange Essay example1338 Words   |  6 PagesThe Columbian Exchange has been called the â€Å"greatest human intervention in nature since the invention of agriculture† (Grennes 2007). The exchange of diseases, plants, and animals lead to a global cultural and economic shift throughout the Old and New Worlds following Christopher Columbus discovery of the Americas in 1492. The Eastern Hemisphere saw an influx of raw materials, new staple crops, and the income from and production of growing crops that were too resource intensive for Europe andRead MoreFlora And Fauna Of The Columbian Exchange1307 Words   |  6 PagesFlora and Fauna in the Columbian Exchange The voyage undertaken by Christopher Columbus to attempt to find a more direct route to India would fail in it s goal. Columbus would not reach India, instead he would land on the banks of a world entirely unknown to Europeans of the time period. His â€Å"discovery† of this New World would have far reaching consequences for both the world he found, and the world from which he departed. This new landmass would prove to be incredibly important in world affairs

The Process And Principles Of Money Laundering Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3696 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction Money laundering can defined as process of transforming illegal money earned to become legal money which is come from legal activities. According to Shijia Gao et al (2009) in HM Treasury 2004, Money Laundering is a term usually used to describe the ways in which criminals process illegal or dirty money derived from the proceeds of any illegal (e.g. the proceeds of a drug-dealing, human trafficking, fraud, embezzlement, insider trading, bribery, theft or tax evasion) through a succession of a transfers and deals until the source of illegally acquired funds is obscured and the money take on the appearance of legitimate or clean funds or assets. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Process And Principles Of Money Laundering Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In order to have a deep understanding on money laundering, we must understand in term of capital flight and smurfing. According to financial dictionary, capital flight means rapid withdrawal of capital (capital flight) from a country as a result of loss of confidence in its government. It is also means how much the money move to another point to another, driven by possible gains or concerns about government policies. Another term is smurfing that are related directly to smurf which are person who help move the funds from one institution to another or from one country to another. A smurfing operation will involve a major coordinator called papa smurf who will direct is smurfs to make deposits of drug profits at a large number of banks, usually ally at numbers just below local reporting requirements, like drug-smuggling airplanes that fly below radar screens. Usually, money laundering activities occurs in places that extensive banks secrecy laws, weak financial regulatory regimes, l ake enforcement, and corruption. In order to make money laundering, there are three stages that a launderer always do such as placement, layering, and integration. Placement According to Ricardo Baba (2007), its a phase placement of currency into a financial services institution. Its could be a bank, a brokerage house, and so on. Placement also can define as a proceeds from illegal activities into the financial system in such manner as to avoid detection by financial institutions and government authorities by referring to Shijia Gao et al (2009) in IFAC (2002). Usually, there are several places or technique that a money launderer can use to place their money such as bank institution, insurance institution, real property or lottery business, casinos or other gambling venues, Shell Company or front company, and offshore corporation or offshore financial centre. It can be explained as below: Bank institution Bank institution used by a launderer because of bank secrecy which is most applied in many countries. It is also because bank institution have offer several of services such as deposit, loan, acceptance, discount, foreign exchange, settlement and so on. Thus, it helps launderer to transfer funds across international borders with a convenient and prompt. An example case of money laundering using bank institution can be shown as below: In January 2011, Johor Baharu- The session court was found and discharged a police officer of money laundering involved RM3.8 million between 2002 and 2005. Judge Salawati Djambari made a decision after found the prosecution was failed to prove a prima facie against Supt. Azmi Osman, 55. Azmi, who is suspended from his job, was accused of receiving RM2.08 million through a money-laundering operation in current account at a Malayan Banking Berhad, Jalan Haji Kassim Mentakab between 6 Feb and Dec 20, 2002. In the second charge, he was accused of receiving RM679 850 in the same account between Jan 15 and Oct 2. He was also accused of receiving RM941 930 in another current account at Lot M1-22, Level 3, Johor Baharu City Square, 106-108 Jalan Wong Ah Fook between Jan 13 and Nov 17, 2004 and subsequently RM250 000 in the same account on April 5, 2005 Source: The Malaysian Insider News Insurance Institution This intuition can help to disguise the origin and the nature of illegal proceeds and gains obtained from its buying, altering and surrendering insurance policies and filing insurance claims in order to advert the tracing of the authorities. An example of case can be explained as follow: A drug trafficker purchased a life insurance policy with a value of US$80,000. The policy was purchased through an agent of a large life insurance company using a cashiers cheque. The investigation showed that the client had made it known that the funds used to finance the policy were the proceeds of drug trafficking. In light of fact, the agent charged significantly higher commission. Three months following this transaction, the investigation showed that the drug dealer cashed in this policy. Source: Ping He (2010) in FATF 2005 Real Property or Lottery A lucky lottery buyer won 14.3 millions dollars in the Mass Millionaire Projects of Massachusetts. Before he cashed the prize wining lotteries, he sold half of them to a company, whose owner was the head of criminal group in Boston Don Shan, a notorious gang. Purchasing those lotteries was exactly a money laundering scheme, which was discovered by the police when they traced the dirty money gained by this group. Just at this time the gang head was about to cash the lotteries he bought, a joint suspension order was given by the court and the State Lottery Administrative Committee to freeze the wining lotteries, when the case just broken. It is a new channel for a money launderer to keep their money to become legal such as buying a land using illegal money. An example of case can be shown as follows: Source: Ping He (2010) in Weimin, 2005b Casinos or other gambling venues In casinos, chips are bought with cash, then after a period time during which gambling may or not take place; the chips are traded in a check from the casinos, perhaps in the name of third party. Thus, the chips can be transform back into cash and become legal money. Shell company or front company According to Ping He (2010), Shell Company refers to the company that does not have funds or enough funds required by law, do not have organizational structure or fixed premises for the production and operation. Front company established by the criminals indicates the company with a legal personality, legal business activities, legal operation income, while whose establishment is for the purpose of the laundering the proceeds of crime instead of making profits. These companies used by criminals as a source of illicit the money with a full of control of the company. The example case can be shown as below: Harry embezzled a sizeable amount of mon ey from a company for which he had used to work. As time passed, he had managed to spend a sizeable amount but had begun to consider which locations- other than his home- he would use to hide the money, as it was a small village in Europe and hid the money in the banking system, using his company as a cover, by claiming the cash was part of his regular income. To avoid difficult face to face questions from the bank employees, he deposited approximately US$14,000- the majority in old bills- into the banks night safe. As the night safe was emptied the following day, Harrys deposited immediately raised suspicions. How could a car service attract so much income in one day? The financial intelligence unit (FIU) disseminated a report to the police after being informed by the bank. The polices involvement into the money, Harry mixed the illicit money with the business income by establishing the car service station which was served as a front company. Source: Ping He (2010) in FIUs in action- 100 cases from Egmont Group. Case 15 (Weimin, 2005a, p. 173) Offshore corporation or offshore financial centre Over a period of three years, Mr X repatriated the funds to Country Y for his use and benefit. He was assisted by lawyers and accountants using false transactions and offshore corporations. Mr Y, formerly a lawyer, facilitated Mr Xs repatriation scheme by managing Mr Xs offshore corporation and banks accounts in several important financial centre. Mr Y drafted documents that purported to be loan agreements between offshore shell corporation and a Mr X nominee in Country Y. These loan agreements served as a basis for the transfer of millions from banks accounts in several different countries to the Mr Xs home country. Offshore corporation or offshore financial centre is an institution that has less strict regulations through a legal method. According to Weimin (2005), corporations which are registered in these areas, whose investors are not required to go the areas personally, and whose businesses can be directly operated anywh ere throughout the world are called offshore corporations. It can attract a money launderer to go on these places. An example cases can be shown as below: Source: Ping He (2010) in FATF, 2003-2004 Layering It is a second stage in money laundering process. According to Shijia Gao et al (2009), layering is the process of generating a series or layer of transactions to distance the proceeds from their illegal source and obscure the audit trail. It is also known as a main wash-stage, the launderer try to conceal or disguise the source of funds, by making money around the world in order to hide the origin of the money. Usually there are several techniques most famous used in layering stage such as electronic transfer funds, offshore banks, shell corporations, trusts, walking account, and intermediaries. It can be explained as follows: Electronic Fund Transfers (EFT). According to Australian Analysts Transaction Reports (2008), Electronic Fund Transfers help in layering process by moving money using EFT into and out of domestic and offshore banks account of fictitious individuals and shell companies. Moreover, sometimes information on daily money transactions is limited f or authorities making them difficult to recognize or distinguish between the clean money and dirty money. The example can be shown as below: In order to launder a large sum of money, one criminal syndicate decided to break up the whole capital into parts, and Ralph, a laundering expert in this syndicate, planned to take advantage of payment of smart card. First, Ralph established in country B online entertainment company which could obtain its service fee through smart card. Then, Ralph instigated his laundering employees throughout Country B to pay US$700 to US$800 to buy the same of smart card whose maximum amount of smart card. These deposits for consuming are US$820 from the local distributor of smart card. These buyers enjoyed the service offered by the online entertainment company and paid the bill online or promptly, which was repeated once in three times a week per capita until the capital was totally transformed into the service income of the company. After having receiv ed the service fee paid by its employees, the company successfully turned the criminal proceeds into legal income. Source: Ping He (2010) in Shaping (2003) Offshore banks. Offshore banks become places for layering process because they allow an establishment account for non-residents and corporations. It is also have a lower law and regulation for an establishment of account. Furthermore, offshore banks are very popular for a tax evaders and officials corrupt. It becomes easier because according to Australian Analyst Transaction (2008), some offshore centers combine loose anti-money laundering procedures with strict bank secrecy rules. Criminal can easily maintain and transfer fund from banks in these centers because the detail of client are generally denied to third parties, including most law enforcement agencies. An example can be shown as below: Banana Banks in the United Apple allows for an establishment account for non-residents. Larry Launder, a non-resident of the United Apple, has a numerous accounts with Banana Banks in the name of different individuals and companies. Larry is a resident of the Republic Watermelon. Fund s from illegal activities of Republic Watermelon are placed into Larry accounts with Banana Banks using different placement techniques. Once the funds are placed, Larry Launder instructs Banana Bank to various transfers and payments, thereby distancing funds from their origins. Source: Australian Transaction Report and Analysis Centre: Layering Techniques (2008) Shell corporations Shell corporations usually a company that establishment under a legal corporate laws but does not actually conduct a business which is used it to engage in fictitious transactions or hold accounts and assets to disguise the actual ownership of these accounts and assets. An example can be shown as below: Larry Launder sets up Apricot Trading Co. under the laws of the United Apple. Apricot Trading Co. opens bank accounts with several of banks. Smurf working for Larry Launder transfers illegal funds to the Apricot Trading Co. accounts. Apricot Trading Co. transfers these funds to other accounts or invests them in securities. Source: Australian Transaction Report and Analysis Centre: Layering Techniques (2008) Trusts Trusts are legal arrangement for holding funds or assets for a specified case which is assets or funds are managed by a trustee for benefit of specified beneficiaries. It can help in layering process because they enable to create a fake papers trail and transactions. Moreover, secrecy and anonymity rules help to conceal the identity of the true owner or beneficiary of true assets. An example can be as below: Larry Launder establishes a business trust by appointing a corporate trustee and drawing a deed of trust, which names Apricot Trading Co. as a beneficiary. Larry Launder transfer funds to the corporate trustee and under a deed of trust, Apricot Trading Co. are empowered to directly use and invest funds. Source: Australian Transaction Report and Analysis Centre: Layering Techniques (2008) Walking accounts Walking accounts also known as capital flight. According to Australian report transactions (2008), Walking account is an account for which account holder has provided standing instructions that all funds be transferred immediately on receipt to another to one or more other accounts. By setting up a series of walking account, criminal automatically create several layers as soon as many funds transfer occurs. It usually using by criminals because it is difficult to detect and money move very fast around the world. An example can be shown as below: Using Shell corporations, Larry Launder sets up three accounts with three different banks. He provides instructions to transfer all funds immediately on receipt to one or more of the other accounts. Smurfs deposits cash into the first account. Without the need for further account, the funds are layered by being transferred to the third account. Source: Australian Transfer Report and Analysis Centre: Layering Techniques (2008) Intermediaries According to Australian report transactions (2008), Lawyers, accountants, and other professional may be used as intermediaries between the illegal funds and criminal. Professionals engage in transactions on behalf of criminal client who remains anonymous. These transactions may include the use of shell corporations, fictitious records paper trails. Money launderer likes to use intermediaries because they lend credibility and decrease suspicion. In addition, these professional generally have confidentiality obligations of their clients so their risk of money launderer getting caught is low. An example can be shown as below: Larry Launder transfers funds to special account for client funds maintain by the law firm Shady Hustler. Shady Hustler establishes a shell corporation, Apricot Trading Co., which opens various banks account. Shady Hustler now transfers Larry funds into these accounts. Source: Australian Transaction Report and Analysis Centre: Layering Techniques (2008) Cash smuggling In November 1991, the money laundering case by smuggling cash in human body was reported by John F. Kennedy International airport customs authority. A female Ghana immigrant, under interrogation of customs officers, acknowledged carrying $9,000 in cash just under the customs declarations point of $10,000. Nevertheless, customs officers found $24,000 small bank notes packed in some sheets in her luggage, $224,000 in 100 cash rolls hided in shampoo bottles, and $53,000 in small bags in her stomach, which was detected by X-ray test. Cash smuggling is an attempt to bring out the money outside a country with an illegal ways. According to Ping He (2010), cash smuggling is a method of money laundering in which the proceeds of crime are stealthily moved cross border, and then deposited in banking institution, paid for real estate or invested to establish companies. An example case of cash smuggling can be shown as below: Source: Ping He (2010) in Dupuis- Danon (2006) International Trade International trade can help to disguise illegal money because the origin of the money illegal money can be healed. Moreover, they can easily transfer the illegal money back into a country using the trade transaction to justify payment through financial system. An example of case can be shown as below: A Brazilian company signs a contract to export soybeans to a German company who prepays the Brazilian company for the shipment. The Brazilian company immediately transfers the funds to a third party that is unrelated to the transaction. The soybeans that were purchased by the German company are never shipped. In this case, the German company transferred the funds to the Brazilian company as an advance for a shipment of soybeans. Suspicious were raised when it was found that export of soybeans were inconsistent with the scale of the companys operations. Source: Ping He (2010) in FATF, 2006 Integration Integration is a last stage is money laundering process. Usually, there are several ways used in integration stage which can be explained as below: Credit and debit cards Credit and debit card used for entering the illegal funds to engage in financial systems. According to Australian Transfer Reports (2008), By maintaining an account in offshore jurisdiction through which payment are made, the criminal limit the financial trail that leads to their country residence. An example can be shown as below: Larry Launder transfers illegal funds into an offshore banks account. He also signs up for debit card and credit cards in the banks. He used the debit card and credit card to make payment for purchases and transactions around the world. Source: Australian Transaction Report and Analysis Centre: Integration and Techniques (2008) Consultants According to Australian Transfer Report (2008), Consultants is an arrangement that can cover a wide range of non-quantifiable services and often used to integrate illegal funds into legitimate financial systems. They usually employs by the criminal to do a legal work which is involve in purchasing assets and selling an assets, and manage the payment for the criminal behalf. An example can be shown as below: Larry Launder sets up a shell corporation and related bank account in an offshore jurisdiction. The shell corporation hires a consultant. The consultant performs services and makes payments for Shell Corporation. The consultant is paid by the shell corporation. Source: Australian Transaction Report and Analysis Center: Integration and Techniques (2008) Corporate Financing Corporate financing has offered a various ways to transfer funds between companies. It is because corporate financing usually combined a number of other techniques, including the use of offshore banks, consultants, complex financial agreements, electronic fund transfer, Shell Corporation, and actual business. Thus, it allows money launderer to integrate very large amounts of money into legitimate financial system. An example can be shown as below: Larry Launder sets up a shell corporation and related bank account in an offshore jurisdiction. He also sets up a legitimate business in his country of residence. Using illegal money in an offshore account, Shell Corporation makes a business loan to, or equity investment in, the legitimate business. Source: Australian Transaction Report and Analysis Center: Integration and Techniques (2008) Asset sales and purchases Larry Launder sets up a shell corporation and related bank account in an offshore jurisdiction. He also owns or controls a legitimate business or real estate in his country residence. The shell corporation purchases the business or real estate at an inflated price. The earning from these transactions is treated as legitimate profits. An asset sales and purchases make a criminal earn legal funds or profits by purchasing or selling their assets. An example can be shown as below: Source: Australian Transaction Report and Analysis Center: Integration and Techniques (2008) Business recycle According to Australian Transfer Report (2008), Legitimate businesses that also serve as a conduit for money laundering are referred as a front business. Cash-intensive retail business is some of the most traditional methods of money laundering. This technique combines the different stages of the money laundering process. The principal requirement when using businesses as a front is that they have a high cash sales and turnover. This way it become easy for criminal to merge illegal funds and difficult to for authorities to spot the scheme. An example can be shown as below: Larry Launders owns or controls a legitimate, cash intensive car wash business. Larry deposits illegal funds into business. These funds are treated as revenue from legitimate businesses. Source: Australian Transaction Report and Analysis Center: Integration and Techniques (2008) Export or import transactions Larry Launder sets up an import company in foreign country as well as an export company in his home residence. They exports goods to the foreign import company. The import company remits illegal funds to pay for the goods on an over invoices basis. This methods help moves illegal funds between countries by trading export goods to the foreign trading company on an invoice basis and the earning or profits of the transactions will consider as legal profits. An example can be shown as below: Source: Australian Transaction Report and Analysis Center: Integration and Techniques (2008) Recommendation A good understanding on money laundering is very important for everyone in this world. It is because money laundering can destroy moral to generation and it also can cause a big of danger such as terrorist financing which is finally cause war. It is because good sense in money laundering also helps to prevent and punish people who are involved in money laundering by reporting to the authorities to take an action. Various techniques to prevent and identify money laundering from happening should be done in order to avoid the consequences of money laundering from happening. Every country should apply the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in order to prevent the use of financial system for money laundering. Conclusion Money laundering is one criminal activities which is can be categorize as a white collar crime that involved in transforming illegal money to legal money. There are three stages that involved in money laundering process such as placement, layering, and integration. These three stages are playing an important role in money laundering which is every stages have their own technique to wash the dirty money. Thus, when all the stages has completed, the money or fund became a legal money.

Socio Economic Study Free Essays

Economic Benefits As part of the agricultural sector, the banana industry also ensures that It contributes to the protection of the environment through the observance of globally accepted practices and abiding by Philippines laws. Furthermore, the industry also makes positive Impact on the cultural political aspects through: Enameled contact with the Influence Insurgency; Improved peace and order situation; Effective local governance; Integration of Indigenous people (e. G. We will write a custom essay sample on Socio Economic Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bugaboo, Nabob, Muslim) Into mainstream society: and Better understanding of cultures. The Banana industry impact on the economy includes: Provision of employment (minimum wages, Job security); Development of related industries (transport, food, consumer goods, entertainment); Increased income opportunity (cash crop, I. E. Corn, rice, firewood gathering vs.. Employment); Prompts improved infrastructure support from government and private organizations; Increased tax collection for local government. In terms of social impact, the industry helps provide: Basic needs through the availability of food, housing, clothing, and employment; Education increased number of students; Health care availability of institutional care; Migration back to family instead of having to look for livelihood elsewhere; Equal opportunity for women and indigenous people; and Fewer occurrences of domestic and Juvenile related crime and conflicts. The Philippine banana industry Is the 5th largest export Industry In the country and the indulges in Mindanao. In terms of local tax contribution, the Industry remitted about Phi Million worth of local taxes In 2008, Including Business Tax, Real property tax, Residence Certificates of Employees, withholding tax of employees, withholding tax at source, and Income. Socio Economic Study By EX_Donald As part of the agricultural sector, the banana industry also ensures that it contributes Furthermore, the industry also makes positive impact on the cultural political Minimized contact with the influence insurgency; Integration of indigenous people (e. G. Bugaboo, Nabob, Muslim) into mainstream society; and Better understanding of cultures. The Philippine banana industry is the 5th largest export industry in the country and the indigents in Mindanao. In terms of local tax contribution, the industry remitted about Phi Million worth of local taxes in 2008, including Business Tax, Real How to cite Socio Economic Study, Papers

Leukemia Essay Paper Example For Students

Leukemia Essay Paper According to the Cancer Book from the American Cancer Society, Leukemia is acancer of the blood. It was first identified as a new disease in around 1830 inGermany. The scientific term, leukemia, comes from the Greek wordsthat mean white blood. The disease is described as a cancerousdisorder not just of the blood itself, but also of the organs that produce theblood cells in the body. The organs are mainly the bone marrow and the lymphsystem, where normal red and white cells, lymph cells, and platelets grow beforeentering the bloodstream. Normal cells usually go through the same process butwith differences in rate, number, and function ability. With the disease, thebone marrow will not be able to produce the sufficient levels of red blood cellsand platelets, while the white blood cells will produce so rapidly that thecells will not become mature enough to fight off infections. As the diseaseprogresses, the whole blood system will become useless due to the vast amount ofimmature cells p roduced. If a person with the disease is not treated, there willbe excessive bleeding and infections until the body reaches the point where itbecomes defenseless. The body will make minor injury or infection very serious. Leukemia itself does not always kill people. Instead, people die from infectionssuch as small virus or bacteria because there are not enough normal white bloodcells in the body. Also, people could die form internal bleeding, which couldhave been prevented by the platelets. Leukemia appears more commonly in adultsthen children. A survey in 1989 stated that approximately 25,000 new cases ofthe disease are diagnosed annually in the United States, 22,500 of them areadults and only 2,500 are children. It also shows that men are affected byleukemia 30 percent more frequently than women. Ten years ago, about 17,000people die from the disease each year. Many of the advanced industrial nationshave increased the study of leukemia since the 1930s. In the Personal HealthReport, the information stated that there are two major types are leukemia:Lymphocytic leukemia which involves lymphoid committed cells which formand mature in the lymphatic system, and granulocytic leukemia which affectsmyeloid committed cells which form and mature in the bone marrow (355). Each of the two types can occur in either acute or chronic form. Acute formusually affects young cells that are still in the process of growing; they candivide very quickly and may speed the progress of the disease. The chronic forminvolves the mature cells that reproduce in a low rate or the ones that havestopped dividing. According to the Home Medical Guide, acute lymphocyticleukemia is most commonly seen in children between the age of two and nine. Inthis type of leukemia, males are affected more frequently than females. Beforetreatment was available, the average survival rate is only 5 to 6 months. Astreatment developed, more then 95 percent of all children are putted intocomplete remission. Both adult and childhood disease can be cured in around fouryears, and the therapy can be discontinued. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is themost common form of cancer found in the industrialized countries. Like acutelymphocytic, it occurs more frequently in males then in females. The patientst hat are affected by chronic lymphocytic leukemia are usually older then anyother patients with different types of leukemia. The cause of this specific typeof disease is still unknown: Strong evidence points to problems of function andcontrol in the immune system diagnosis is very often discovered by accident inthe course of routine blood testing for other medical reasons, since fully 25 to30 percent of newly diagnosed patients have no symptomsthe degree of bonemarrow infiltration by small lymphocytes is a much more accurate sign of degreeof disease. (452) According to the Home Medical Guide, acute granulocyticleukemia usually occur in older ages: The typical patient is thirty tosixty years old, the frequency of the disease increasing with age. The naturalcourse of untreated this disease leads to an average survival of only two tofive months (451). With chemotherapy, the survival rate can be lengthenedto about 5 years. Around 75 percent of the patient can be cured with a completeremi ssion. This type of leukemia can cause heart attacks and strokes by blockingthe arteries: It is treated by removing large numbers of white cells fromthe patients blood and increasing the intensity of the chemotherapy(453). Over 50 percent of the patients are found with abnormalities in the chromosomes:Evidence strongly suggests that each patients individual chromosomalmakeup has a strong direct bearing on prognosis (453). Patients that haveabnormal genes in their leukemia cells usually have the disease. Chronicgranulocytic leukemia occurs in people with ages forty to sixty. The diseasestarts out very slowly. Patient will not notice anything wrong until after threeto six months. Many organs such as the liver, spleen and lymph nodes willenlarge in over half of the patients. The study of chromosomes are important inthis type of leukemia: The so-called Philadelphia chromosomes, the firstabnormal chromosome found in the leukemias, occurs in over 90 percent ofpatients (454). Applying therapy may reduce of Philadelphia in the whiteblood cells. In the Cancer Book, the author explained that the basic cause ofleukemia is still unknown. Factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, andcertain drugs may cause the disease: Certain chemicals, such as benzene,have long been known to cause damage to bone marrow calls which form the blood,and it is logical to conclude they can also cause a cancer in those cells(378). Also, the genes called oncogenes may be directly involved in thedevelopment of many types of cancers, including leukemia: Oncogenes arecancer-causing genes that are part of many peoples normal genetic makeup. Thesegenes can apparently be activated under circumstances that has not yetidentifiedby identifying and understanding specific oncogenes, people who areconsidered at risk can be identified long before a cancer begins. Although thisis a long way in the futurethe concept of the oncogene has given scientists anew and fundamental approach to the study of cancer that much believe will yieldfruitful result. (379) The book further explained the causes of leukemia, and itsays the hereditary causes of the disease are still far form being fullyunderstood. There are chances that close relatives of leukemia patients have arisk of getting the disease. The greatest possibility is found in the identicaltwin of a child who has the acute leukemia before the age of eight:Approximately 20 percent of these individuals will develop the diseasewithin one year of their twins diagnosis (379). This shows that geneticsare playing an important role in the disease. But whether heredity is alsoinvolved in all cases is still an unanswered question. According to the PersonalHealth Report, leukemia may be caused by other types of disease that damage thebone marrow, or anticancer drug used to treat other variety of cancer:Diseases that cause severe depression of the marrow, such as aplasticanemia, are associated with a high incidence of leukemia. (356) Patientsthat take anticancer drugs for treatment of diseases may have a chance ofgetting leukemia because the patients received cancer chemotherapy over a longperiod of time: Up to 10 percent of patients with Hodgkins disease whohave be en intensively treated with chemotherapeutic drugs may ultimately displaysigns of an acute granulocytic leukemia (356). There is antileukemiatherapy for Hodgkins disease. They are far more effective and outweigh thechance of developing leukemia later on. According to The Cambridge World Historyof Human Disease, the early symptoms of leukemia are like many other medicalproblems. Fever, loss of weight and fatigue are the general symptoms ofleukemia: Fever may be the most common symptom. It is usually caused by aninfection of the skin, lung, or urinary tract, but it also may be due directlyto the leukemia itself or to the release of compounds by the abnormal whitecells. Infections are frequently because the leukemic white cells cannot protectagainst invasion by bacteria or other organic causes of disease, and too fewnormal white cells remain to do so. (846) The book also states that since thesesymptoms are involved with many illnesses, doctors do not always have suspicionof leukemia. E arly detection of chronic lymphocytic leukemia is often found inelders that are being examined for other medical problems. On the other hand,acute leukemia can occur very suddenly, especially in children because it seemslike a flu or cold: Common symptoms of the leukemias do not seem to be adirect result of the increase and spread of leukemia cells. Instead, thefunctioning of the remaining normal elements of the blood and bone marrow isimpaired (847). Up to one third of the patient with cancer in blood havenormal or low circulation white blood counts. In leukemia, the bone marrow istoo crowded with white blood cells that it cannot move out into the bloodstream. Do you ever wander where the leap year was all sta EssayIn further discussion, it is found that problems can occur after injection ofthe donor marrow: The recipients immune system can reject the marrowtransplant or the donors marrow, in its immunologically foreign environment,can reject the host (358). For this reason, the closer the genetic makeupbetween the donor and host, the better the transplant will succeed. Somepatients will try to match themselves with a donor from their family or closedrelatives because it will give them a better chance of the transplants process. In the transplantation, the following steps will be done: The donorscells are injected into the recipients bloodstream to re-seed the marrow withhealthy cells. The leukemia patient is kept in isolation to diminish the chanceof infection and is given transfusions and antibiotics as needed (387). Inthe bone marrow transplantation, the donors cell is to develop into new healthycells in the sick patients body. According to the Cancer Book, great progresshas been make over the last thirty years in treating the disease. An increasingnumber of patients are cured. Although the process of treatment is long andproduces painful illnesses, but rate of success in remission and other methodsare worthwhile for most patients. Health Care